Understanding the bead drilling technology of the Harappans and the technological transformations over time

The lapidary industry using different stone raw materials is one of the hallmark technological innovations of the Harappan civilization (~ Indus, Indus-Sarasvati). The Harappans perfected the technology, which is traced back to the Neolithic Mehrgarh, wherein advanced rotary drilling mechanisms were used. It may be observed that the early societies at Mehrgarh often procured raw materials from far beyond, indicating a clear establishment of long-distance trade. This was further expanded during the Chalcolithic period, culminating in the Harappan civilization aided through better procurement and distribution networks. The Harappan beads attained popularity due to their uniqueness and superior quality. They were perforated by a material known as “ernestite”, a harder stone enabling a smooth surface. Harappans used rotary aids for drilling, with materials like hollow and solid copper drills and pecking techniques for smaller and shorter beads. The legacy of the Harappans continued during the late Harappan and the historical periods. However, we witnessed advancements in the drill bits during the historical period, with the single- and double-tipped diamond drills replacing the ernestite drills for faster drilling of stone beads. Slowly, the glass beads took over the place of stone beads, and attention was given to precious gemstones only. However, the stone bead industry lingered, and we find evidence of the traditional craft at Khambhat, Gujarat. This paper highlights some key aspects of Harappan bead drilling technology and its continuity into the late Harappan and historical period. In particular, the evidence from Vadnagar is discussed to understand the continuity.