Boundary conservation from bulk symmetry

The evolution of the black-hole horizon can be effectively captured by a fictitious membrane fluid living on the stretched horizon. We show that the dynamics of this boundary matter arises from the invariance of the bulk action under local symmetries in the presence of the inner boundary. If general covariance is broken in a semi-classical treatment of a quantum field near a black-hole horizon, we argue that it can be restored by the inclusion of a quantum flux into the membrane conservation equation which is exactly equal to the Hawking flux.