First three dimensional wave characteristics in the daytime upper atmosphere derived from ground-based multiwavelength oxygen dayglow emission measurements

First results on the three-dimensional wave characteristics in the daytime upper atmosphere have been derived using measurements of oxygen dayglow emissions at 557.7, 630.0, and 777.4 nm that originate at around 130, 230, and 300 km (peak of the F region). The horizontal scale sizes of gravity waves (GWs), their time periods, phase propagation angle (counterclockwise from east), and phase speeds are found to vary in the range of 27–227 km, 32–70 min, 207°–253°, and 6–76 ms⁻¹, respectively. Two-dimensional measurements on the horizontal scale sizes in the daytime have not been reported before. Further, using Hines' (1960) dispersion relation for GWs, vertical scale sizes and phase angles have also been derived. This technique opens up new possibilities in the investigations of daytime wave dynamics in three dimensions in the upper atmosphere.