Warp and flare of the old Galactic disc as traced by the red clump stars

Our study aims to investigate the outer disc structure of the Milky Way Galaxy using the red clump (RC) stars. We analysed the distribution of the largest sample of RC stars to date, homogeneously covering the entire Galactic plane in the range of 40^◦ ≤ l ≤ 340^◦ and −10^◦ ≤ b ≤ +10^◦. This sample allows us to model the RC star distribution in the Galactic disc to better constrain the properties of the flare and warp of the Galaxy. Our results show that the scale length of the old stellar disc weakly depends on azimuth, with an average value of 1.95 ± 0.26 kpc. On the other hand, a significant disc flaring is detected, where the scale height of the disc increases from 0.38 kpc in the solar neighbourhood to ∼2.2 kpc at R ≈15 kpc. The flare exhibits a slight asymmetry, with ∼1 kpc more scale height below the Galactic plane as compared to the Northern flare. We also confirm the warping of the outer disc, which can be modelled with Z<inf>w</inf> = (0.0057 ± 0.0050) [R − (7358 ± 368)(pc)]^1.40 ± ^0.09sin (φ − (− 2^◦.03 ± 0^◦.18)). Our analysis reveals a noticeable north–south asymmetry in the warp, with a greater amplitude observed in the southern direction compared to the northern. Comparing our findings with younger tracers from the literature, we observe an age dependency of both the flare and warp. An increase in flare strength with age suggests the secular evolution of the disc as the preferred mechanism for forming the flare. The increase of the maximum warp amplitude with age indicates that the warp dynamics could be the possible cause of the variation in the warp properties with age.