A., Nandi, AditiNandi, AditiA.C., Ghosh, ChandramouliGhosh, ChandramouliC.A., Bajpai, AmanBajpai, AmanA.S., Basu, SudiptaBasu, SudiptaS.2025-09-012025-09-01205075182050750X10.1039/c9tb00336c2-s2.0-85068448193https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85068448193&doi=10.1039%2Fc9tb00336c&partnerID=40&md5=0cf4ce8ee656fcc3c007347feb45e817https://d8.irins.org/handle/IITG2025/29382DNA topoisomerases and nuclear DNA are important targets for cancer therapy. However, DNA topoisomerase inhibitors and DNA damaging drugs demonstrate a large window of side effects in the clinic. Graphene oxide based biocompatible and biodegradable nano-scale materials have the potential to overcome this complication. However, encompassing different topoisomerase inhibitors along with DNA damaging drugs into 2D-graphene oxide remains a main challenge. To address this, in this manuscript, we have engineered self-assembled spherical 3D-graphene oxide nanoparticles coated with lipid (GO-nanocells) which can concomitantly load and release multiple topoisomerase inhibitors (topotecan and doxorubicin) and DNA damaging drug (cisplatin) in a controlled manner. Fluorescence confocal microscopy confirmed that these GO-nanocells were taken up by HeLa cervical cancer cells and transported into lysosomes temporally over 6 h. A combination of confocal microscopy, gel electrophoresis, and flow cytometry studies revealed that these GO-nanocells damaged nuclear DNA along with topoisomerase inhibition leading to induction of apoptosis through cell cycle arrest in the G2-M phase. These GO-nanocells killed HeLa cancer cells with remarkably greater efficacy compared to a free drug cocktail at 48 h post-incubation. These self-assembled GO-nanocells can serve as a nanoscale tool to perturb multiple therapeutically important sub-cellular targets simultaneously for improved efficacy in future cancer chemotherapy. � 2019 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.EnglishBiocompatibilityCell deathChemotherapyConfocal microscopyControlled drug deliveryDiseasesDrug interactionsElectrophoresisGraphene oxideLanthanum compoundsNanotechnologyTargeted drug delivery3d graphene oxidesCancer ChemotherapyCervical cancer cellsDNA topoisomeraseFluorescence confocal microscopyGel electrophoresisNano-scale materialsTopoisomerase inhibitionsDNAArticlehttps://v2.sherpa.ac.uk/id/publication/2560920197