Global impact of vitamin D deficiency and innovative biosensing technologies

Vitamin D (VD) is of interest to an internist, pediatricians, physicians, orthopediacian, pathologists, endocrinologists, nutritionists, ecologists, geneticists, and others for almost a century due to its wide range of etiologies, clinical, biochemical, and pathological manifestations. VD insufficiency is a widespread problem that is often overlooked and not properly addressed as a dietary deficit worldwide. Nevertheless, traditional diagnostic techniques have limitations such as expensive costs, time-consuming procedures, and a substantial need for human resources. This emphasizes the necessity for intelligent, rapid, and on-site methods for diagnosis. Nano-enabled smart biosensors supported by artificial intelligence (AI) offer a promising solution for rapid point-of-care (POC) detection of VD. These advanced biosensors provide real-time, sensitive, and portable diagnostic capabilities. In this account of the literature, we want to present an update on VD recommendations and the current scientific knowledge about the role of VD in human health. We present a critical and detailed review on the growing risk of VD deficiency and its health importance, recommended intake, analytical methods of detection and future aspects. This review also thoroughly examines different kinds of optical and electrochemical nanobiosensor for VD diagnosis. By using the unique characteristics of nano-enabled intelligent biosensors, such as fast outcomes, heightened sensitivity, mobility, and compatibility with Internet-of-Things (IoT) technologies, it is feasible to bring about a significant transformation in the diagnosis of VD. In addition, nanomaterial-based biosensors allow for on-site monitoring and personalized monitoring, greatly cutting down on turnaround time and removing the requirement for human resources for sample transportation and preservation. Adopting these cutting-edge diagnostic technologies is expected to increase the ability of the global healthcare system to fight VD insufficiency and protect one's health.