Application of confined masonry in a major project in India

Good seismic performance of modern confined masonry construction practiced in many countries relies on two key features, namely confinement and bond between masonry walls and reinforced concrete confining elements that enclose these walls. These two features were perceived by builders and engineers in India since the 1897 Assam earthquake. "Assam type housing" that emerged in the earthquake-affected area utilizes the concept of lateral confinement, while the 1931 Beluchistan earthquake demonstrated the importance of bond for improved seismic performance of masonry structures. Unfortunately, these lessons have been lost over time and confined masonry construction is currently not practiced in India; this is mostly due to the lack of relevant design and construction standards. However, over the last five years, several initiatives have been launched to promote confined masonry construction and revive its application in India based on its proven record of good seismic performance in India and other countries. As a result of these initiatives, the first large scale application of modern confined masonry construction in India is currently in progress. Master-plan of the permanent campus of Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, a fully residential campus on 400 acres of land envisages the construction of 36 confined masonry buildings, including three- and four-story faculty and staff residences. This paper describes the campus development project, including the design process and the challenges faced during design and construction.