Relation between PM2.5 and O3 over Different Urban Environmental Regimes in India

Atmospheric ozone (O<inf>3</inf>) concentration is impacted by a number of factors, such as the amount of solar radiation, the composition of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and hydrocarbons, the transport of pollutants and the amount of particulate matter in the atmosphere. The oxidative potential of the atmosphere and the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) as a result of atmospheric oxidation are influenced by the prevalent O<inf>3</inf> concentration. The formation of secondary aerosols from O<inf>3</inf> depends on several meteorological, environmental and chemical factors. The relationship between PM<inf>2.5</inf> and O<inf>3</inf> in different urban environmental regimes of India is investigated in this study during the summer and winter seasons. A relationship between PM<inf>2.5</inf> and O<inf>3</inf> has been established for many meteorological and chemical variables, such as RH, WS, T and NOx, for the selected study locations. During the winter season, the correlation between PM<inf>2.5</inf> and O<inf>3</inf> was found to be negative for Delhi and Bengaluru, whereas it was positive in Ahmedabad. The city of Bengaluru was seen to have a positive correlation between PM<inf>2.5</inf> and O<inf>3</inf> during summer, coinciding with the transport of marine air masses with high RH and low wind speed (as evident from FLEXPART simulations), leading to the formation of SOAs. Further, O<inf>3</inf> concentrations are predicted using a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) model based on the relation obtained between PM<inf>2.5</inf> and O<inf>3</inf> for the summer season using NOx, T, RH, WS and PM<inf>2.5</inf> as inputs.