Bio-jet fuel: An overview of various feedstock and production routes

Biomass-derived bio aviation jet (bio-jet) fuel has become a key component of the aviation industry's policy for lowering operating costs and reducing environmental impacts. Researchers from the oil refining sector, the aviation sector, the government, biofuel enterprises, agricultural firms, and academia are collaborating to establish a commercially resilient and sustainable technique for producing a long-lasting bio-jet fuel with low production costs and low greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, this bio-jet fuel must meet American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) international standards and be a 100% drop-in substitute for existing petroleum aviation jet fuel. This article discusses about the latest conversion technologies for producing bio-jet fuel, which are divided into three categories: chemical conversion route, thermochemical route, biochemical conversion route. The key challenges associated with bio-jet fuel are addressed, including feedstocks availability, sustainability, economic and environmental concerns. Moreover, the present paper examines the availability of various bio-jet fuel feedstocks and describes how their prices and energy intensity of process are significant hurdles that affect biofuel properties, as well as the selection criteria for sustainable and low-cost bio-aviation fuel production. Biomass-derived bio aviation fuel has the potential to replace a large portion of the petroleum jet fuel in order to fulfil the commercial and military requirements.