Optical and X-ray studies of Be/X-ray binary 1A 0535+262 during its 2020 giant outburst

We report results obtained from the optical and X-ray studies of the Be/X-ray binary 1A 0535+262/HD 245770 during the 2020 October giant X-ray outburst, using the 1.2-m telescope at Mount Abu Infrared observatory and AstroSat, respectively. The peak flux of the outburst was recorded to be ∼11 Crab in the 15–50 keV range, the highest ever observed from the pulsar. We performed optical observations in the 6000–7200 Å band before, during, and after the outburst to investigate the evolution of the circumstellar disc of the Be star between 2020 February and 2022 February. Our optical spectra exhibit prominent emission lines at 6563 Å (H I), 6678 Å (He I), and 7065 Å (He I). We found a significantly variable H α line in the spectra. The single-peaked line profile appeared asymmetric with broad red- and blue-wings in the data before and during the outburst. The post-outburst observations, however, resulted in a double-peaked profile with asymmetry in the blue-wing. Our observations before the outburst confirmed a larger Be disc that decreased in size as the outburst progressed. Furthermore, the observed variabilities in the H α line profile and parameters suggest the presence of a highly misaligned, precessing, and warped Be disc. AstroSat observation of the pulsar detected pulsations at ∼103.55 s in the light curve up to 110 keV. We found strongly energy-dependent pulse profiles with increasing contribution of the pulsing component in hard X-rays. The broad-band spectral fitting in the 0.7–90.0 keV range confirmed the presence of the known cyclotron resonance scattering feature at ∼46.3 keV.